Hello everyone. Welcome to Big Data and Language. Today, we will talk about collocations. Have ever heard about the word collocation or collocations? If you haven't heard about that, don't worry about it. Even though this one is not familiar with you but this one is not difficult terminology. So are you ready? Let's get started. The collocations is a sequence of words or terms that co-occur more often than would be expected by chance. So for example, we can say like make a cake or make a mess or have a baby or take a photo. So instead of the other word for example, take a photo, right. Instead of other verb then we use the verb take a lot with a photo. So take a photo, this one the whole chunk, we call all collocation. So I will give you more examples such as like go abroad, right or study abroad. So those go or study, used a lot with the word abroad instead of other verbs. So we call this one as collocations. Now you understand that concept then let's move on. So let me give you more examples. The collocate is a strong tea or coffee. We rarely say the powerful tea or coffee. So strong is connected with tea and coffee instead of the other words powerful. So strong, powerful even though the meaning sounds very similar, however, when we talk about the collocations that is strong tea and strong coffee is more often used than strong, powerful tea or powerful coffee or tall tree, we do not say high tree. So even though tall and high, the meanings are similar. However, we use tall with a word noun tree instead of the high, instead of the adjective high. Let me give you another example, heavy rain, okay. We do not say weighty rain or the rest rich taste. We do not stay deep taste. If you had any mistake, if you want to emphasize then that one is the important in the important event. You might want to say big mistake, we do not say large mistake. Also, the other example could be great fun. We do not say big fun. Sweet dreams, we say that however, we do not say that nice dreams. So these collocations are more often used than expected. All right. Now let's look at the types of collocation. There are several ways or several types of collocations. Let's look at the adverb clause adjective. The adverb is genuinely and the adjective is curious. So we say genuinely curious. We do not say authentically curious. Genuinely, authentically so they're very similar but we do not say, that authentically, we say that genuinely. Let's move to the second type. The second type is adjective plus noun. Now, from the previous lectures, you understand the part of speech so you might know it's familiar that word adverb, adjective and also nouns. So the second type is adjective plus noun. So we say the private lesson. We do not say personal lesson. What about noun plus noun? Let's talk about the third type, voice message. We say voice message we do not say speech message. So these are all the example of collocations. Let me give you more types. The fourth type is the pig oink, the noun plus verb. Pigs, the sound, as oink. We do not say pigs roar. Also, the fifth type is the verb plus noun. So for example, we say that conduct the research. We do not say that manage research. The conduct research is more often used than manage research. Let's move to another types. So what about verb plus expression with the preposition. For example, keep in touch. We do not say that keep at touch. So verb and preposition and another noun, we say keep in touch, let's keep in touch. So let's say you have the situations such as you participate in the camp and when you say goodbye to your friend at the end of the camp, you might want to say to your friends then say that let's keep in touch. So instead of let's keep at touch, let's keep in touch. This one is more natural and often used. Let's move to another type which is verb plus an adverb. So you might want to say remember vividly, you might not want to say remember animatedly. So then why the collocations are important? Collocations make your language sound more natural. If you master collocations, your English will be more idiomatic, so more similar to the way that is spoken by native speakers. So if you say like manage research or keep at touch, the listeners might understand what you might want to say. However, this one is not authentic and not natural. So let me give you an example, I tried to make my bed every morning. We do not say I tried to do my bed every morning. So if you want to clean your bed, everything is neat, then you might want to say, I tried to make my bed every morning instead of do my bed. Also, let me give you another example. Parents usually tell stories to their children. We do not say, say stories. So storytelling. So tell stories instead of say stories. Let me give you the last example, which is Sean likes to surf the web before going to bed. We do not say navigate the web. We say surfing or surf the web. So these collocation, if you use collocations then your language sounds more natural. All right. Then you might be curious how we can find the collocations in the given text data. So let me give you the tool. The first one is collocation doesn't need to be connected together right away which means we can set up the range in the tool. So for example, if you use BNC or COCA, I will give you how you can use it more detail in the next week lecture. However, I will give you the screenshot. So if you go to BNC or COCA website, you will see the third function, the name as collocates. So you might want to click that one. For example, if you want to find the collocations with the noun house, price then house. Then you will see all the lists such as prices, hotel, arrest, building and sales. So let me give you an example. If you click the prices then you will see the frequency is 273 and the examples could be house prices in Cambridge have been relatively consistently increasing something like that. You might see that the second example, as recent fall in house prices show. So you notice that the word, house, though most frequently used collocation is house prices or house hotel something like that. Let's move to, what about. So depending on the you choose, like how far is it. The previous result, you click the one to the right which means that you have something, house right after you have the word right after house. Because that's the certain word as located on the right side. If you click like one and two so that then you have the different collocation results. So the results could be representatives, prices, hotel, arrest and building. So because now you have the order, the wider range because you click two so that's why for example, representative if you click and you will see that example such as about the House of Representative or by the House of Representative or the House of Representative was backed by Cardinal Jaime Sin. So you see that we have of, between house and representatives. Because now you click two on the right side instead of one. So not only just right after the noun house, you can search more possible collocation after something and then house and then another words and another word as well. So the range of collocations that could be vary depending on how you set up the collocates. So you might want to take a look, not only after the word house, you might want to take a look and find examine another collocations before the noun house. So in the case, in COCA or BNC, you need to click the left side which means something before house, before the noun house. So you will see the results such as country, opera, council, manor and guest. So for example, country, the frequency is 314. So if you click the example, then you will see that the country house hotel or country house in Oxfordshire or who runs our country house? So you will see that the country is usually located right before the noun house. Today, we've learned about collocations and in the next lecture, we will talk about the similar terminology, but slightly different which is N-grams. Thank you for your attention.
