[MUSIC]. Today we're going to talk a bit more about moving things around in graphics. So in the first week we talked about how to draw stuff and there we could position objects and then like rectangles, by giving the pixel positions.And for example the white command and the ellipse command. And, and that's fine, we can do that. And last week we talked about doing animation, but animation with image sequences where we're playing lots of different images all in the same position. Today I'm going to talk about more powerful ways of moving objects around beyond what you can do simply by putting positions into the x y coordinates to say say, a rectangle. These techniques accord transforms, and there are three of them. The first transform is translate, which is a basic movement. Not too different from what you could do by putting an X-Y position into, the position of a rectangle, so. And that is a command for translate and you pass in an x and a y which is the position you're moving whatever object too and it's a separate command to whatever command drawing you're doing this. So you can apply single translate to multiple objects. And group objects together and move them around and I'll talk a little bit more in detail about how you do that. And the basic premise to translate an x and a y which gives you the position for which you'll translate. So very similar to what we've done before. The second one is a scale that's getting things bigger and smaller and that just basically takes a number That is how much of scaling apply. If that number's one you're not scaling it at all. If it's less than one it's getting smaller. If it's more than one it's getting bigger. One quite useful thing about scale is you can also give it two parameters which means you can scale separately about the x and the y. So, you can make something wider While making it sort of the same time, having high x scale and a small y scale. So the rotate command is used to spin objects around. And it takes an angle as its parameter. So that's how much you want to spin it by. the normal way we talk about angles is in degrees 0, 360 degrees. But in computer programming we often work with another way of dealing with angles called radians. Now the units we shall explain in a minute and you have to pass in that value and radiance through a take command. If you don't want to get involved in radians, there's a very simple command radians, that takes an angle in degrees and converts it to radians. So I can just put radians 90 degrees, and it will do it all for me. But if you want to know what radians are, this is it. So radians work in terms of a circle. And we can think of an angle as cutting out a chunk of a circle. So, like a, a, a slice of the pie. now, if we make the circle of radius one. So, each of these two straight edges is linked one. Then we can measure the angle by taking the length of the arc, along the way just to be certain, so that's how much of the edge of the circle is being cut out by my angle. And that is a perfectly good measure of, of, of angles, and that's what's called radians. A few things you need to know. it's useful to know particular angles in radians, if you ever use them. The, 360 degrees is the entire circumference of the circle, and if you remember from school maths And the circumference of a circle is two pi times the radius. Because the radius is 1, the arc length of 360 degrees is two pi. 180 degrees is half that, pi. And 90 degrees is pi divided by two. So that, that's a useful way. Thinking about, angles, you can use, put values in terms of pi directly into the rotate command. But if you're not, if you don't want to get involved in that, you can also the radians command I just showed you to convert that to degrees. So what are transforms doing? I said. That transforms can apply to multiple objects and they're independent of the objects. But how does a transform know to actually move an object, if it's a separate command from do, doing so, drawing a rectangle or an ellipse. Well what a transform does is in a way not move just the object, but move the entire coordinate system. Sort of. The, the screen. What does that mean? Well I taught, told you a couple weeks ago about how we can represent any point on screen by an x and a y. How we do that is that we need to know which direction is x and which direction is y and that's normally horizontal and vertical. We can change that. But also, we need a starting point, we need to know where 0, X and 0 Y are and normally, that is top left of the screen. But what a translation does, is move that, so that anything after the translate. The zero-zero point. If I do Translate 20,100, I move my zero-zero point to 20,100. So, if I draw an ellipse at point say, 20,30, if I've done a transform on that, Then that's 20, 30, relative to the new zero, zero points. So if I've transformed my 20 100s, it's 20, 30 relative to 20, 100. Which is 20 plus 20, 40, 100 plus 30, 130, relative. To the top left of the screen. So I'm drawing, changing the way you draw everything. It changes the meaning of the numbers you're putting into your rect command and direct command .And what that means is that if you draw both an ellipse and a rectangle they're both affect the same way. So you can draw as many shapes as you like. You can draw really complicated drawings, and then put a translate in front of it, and they'll all move together. Exactly the same thing with scale, but this time, rather than changing the 0,0 point, you're changing how much one unit of x or one unit of y means, so If you scale up by two, each one unit you leave in x counts for double. So each time you move one in x, you're moving two in the original screen used. And finally the rotation, what that does is it actually What takes the x and y axis. So, it changes the direction of x and the direction of y. So, they're pointing in different directions. So, if I've done this translation you're seeing on, rotation you're seeing on the screen then when I move across an x I'm no longer moving Just horizontal and moving diagonal down the screen. So these transforms are very powerful because they give you new ways of deforming and changing shapes. But also because they can apply universally to multiple shapes. [MUSIC]. [MUSIC]
