[MUSIC] Welcome to the video, the socialisation of cyclists and pharmacologies. This video has two main objectives. The first is to understand how cyclists' socialisation to pharmacologies occurs. So second is to identify the training and follow up measures that can modify previous socialisation. The work presented here is based on two main sources. A study on proficient cycling that I conducted with Brissonneau and Obl. As well as the study from 2009 funded by the World Anti-Doping Agency. Cyclist like many other people consider doping to be an individual short coming [INAUDIBLE] flow it is cheating. But this is not the case. There is no reason why cyclists' morals should be any different from those of other athletes. If there are differences, they must be understood, and merely observing the individual is insufficient. One might postulate that it is interesting to look at cyclist socialization to understand why some are or have been prone to substance use. One must understand how cyclists become cyclists, and how is that might influence substance use. Cyclist socialization often begins at home in a family surrounding. Cyclists passed between man from a father, an uncle, a brother, a cousin or a friend. There is family logic in the tasteful sports that is traditional in cycling. Bertrand, a professional cyclist that we interviewed in the 90s for a study we were conducting, told us, it was always cycling, since in our family, everyone loves bicycles. This can be likened to the pattern in lifestyles and tastes described by [INAUDIBLE]. Socialization as well as training affects perception of the body. For instance, the young cyclists is going to change his or her relationship to pain. Pain, over a long distance, almost becomes pleasure, says Bertrand. Progressively, he focalized more and more on his body's performance by mastering training techniques and from time to time, he used substances provided by a relative. This is also the case for Damien, another cyclist also interviewed in the 90s. Who told us that, because since I was a child, his father was a cyclist, I've always heard that cyclists injected stuff. It was all around. To me, this is normal. But parents seem to be more distant in 2010 than what we observed in the 90s. Sports club rapidly take over cyclists socialization. And in the 1990s, there was a strong influence of the older cyclists on the younger ones. I learned as the older ones had before me, they told me it was a culture states, Damien. Just like nutrition or training techniques, pharmacological culture was a path of the socialization. Charles, another cyclist, tell us that before competitions, I would take vitamin C. In the winter months, it would be vitamin C and vitamins. We were instructed to replace B12. If you cycle a lot, you have to do B12 at 1,000 or 10,000 units. In the 90s, sports club physicians and national teams contributed to the spread of very invasive techniques, including the use of syringes. Nicolas said, when I turned 18, a team of France physician gave me an intravenous shot of vitamin C. When you think about it, this is a doctor doing this to you. Getting used to an invasive medical measures such as injections is part of becoming a cyclist. Going from a legal product to an illegal one, is merely a continuation of these techniques. The social context is very important in the normalization of pharmacology and doping. These practices have since become less common, especially since they became illegal in 2011. It is called the no needle policy. That is, that syringes are prohibited even when they are being used with authorized substances. This is quite a coherent move as it avoids normalizing medical support for performance. A few observations show that cyclists' socialization does indeed change practices. These changes go hand in hand with a shift in norms since prohibited methods are penalized. Substance use is a result of a collective process, where cyclists take on a new culture through their interaction with the world of cycling. So it is not just the case of people being cheaters or immoral. Betrays a deviance similar to what the sociologist Howard Baker describes in his book Outsiders. Of course, this raises the question of what measures might influence socialization. I will use a study in which we compared socializations in three different countries, Belgium, France and Switzerland. The [INAUDIBLE] shows that there differences between these countries. But as they are not linked to different mentalities. Legends of the French do not cheat more than the Swiss. However, it depends on the type of organization that is in charge of the cyclists. The differences in how cycling was organized and financed in these three countries had a significant impact on how medical preparation and doping was approached. In short, one could say that the most organization is structured by people adamant on fighting against doping, [INAUDIBLE] of cycling using substances decreases. Our observation allowed us to identify three types of teams with different styles of organization. First, teams with intense supervision, which are more often French or Belgian. Second, teams with antidoping convictions but who do not supervise their cyclists very much. And three, teams made up of several individual elements, with little supervision. In one can state that in teams where there is a lot of supervision, the range of this supervision includes training, nutrition, medical monitoring as well as mental preparation. Young cyclists in these teams are determined not to use substances, and at least at the beginning of their careers, are often wary of ordinary pharmacology. In teams that have antidoping convictions but where supervision is less important, cyclists are not tempted by doping, but are relatively open to ordinary pharmacological support, that they are familiar with. Finally, in the less supervised teams, cyclists are more independent and rely mainly on older cyclists for training. They are aware of doping techniques and are more likely to be tempted by substance use. In conclusion, these studies shows that the trainers, leaders, and physicians have a leading role to play in preventing doping being inculcated as a normal practice to young cyclists. We studied teams that were supportive of the antidoping approach but obviously teams can also be the ones initiating the cyclists to substance use. This was the case in the 1990s, it seems that the numbers have decreased since. First of all, because the risks are higher today due to more efficient testing. Also, the culture of cycling is evolving and even if some teams present a certain weak factorial, they are people and teams committed to fighting against doping. First of all, because the risks are higher today due to more efficient testing. Also, the culture of cycling is evolving and even if some teams present a certain risk factor, there are people on teams committed to fighting against doping. Thank you for watching. The next video, we shall take a look at the psychological dimensions of doping. [MUSIC]
