下面我们讲第二节，状语，一 充当状语的成分。 Let's start section two, the adverbial adjuncts, part one, elements serving as the adverbial adjuncts. 位于动词或者短语 或者形容词或者短语的前面，起着修饰或者限制作用的词语 A word or phrase which comes before the verb or verb phrase
and the adjective or adjective phrase to modify or restrict the predicate 叫做状语，被修饰或者限制的词语呢叫做中心语 is called an adverbial adjunct, and the word it modifies is the head word. 能够充当状语的词语很多，可以是形容词或者短语 There are many words serving as the adverbial adjunct, they can be adjectives or adjective phrases, 副词，也可以是数量或者是数量短语、 象声词 动词短语、 介词短语等。 adverbs, numerals or numeral measure word phrases, onomatopes, verb phrases and preposition phrase. （一） 形容词或者是短语。 First, adjective or adjective phrase. 单音节形容词作状语 不带"地"。 Monosyllabic adjective doesn't take 地 when it serves as the adverbial adjunct. 例如，我们看一下例子：快放假了。 For example, (holiday is coming). 这是一个 形容词，所以作状语的时候呢，它不带"地"。 This is an adjective, which serves as the adverbial adjunct without 地. 第二个，慢走。 Second, (mind your step). 慢也是一个形容词 所以作状语，修饰这个走，也不带"地" 第三个：今天没有时间长谈。 慢 is also an adjective and acts as adverbial adjunct to modify the word 走 without 地.
Third, (no time for long talk today). 长是一个形容词 所以呢来修饰这个谈，这个动词，那么它们都是单音节，就是一个汉字 所以呢不带"地"。
长 is an adjective and modifies the verb 谈, so they are all monosyllabic, namely one Chinese character. 双音节形容词、 形容词短语作状语 描写行为动作者的要带"地"。 The double syllable adjectives or adjective phrases should be followed by 地
when they serve as adverbial adjunct to describe the subject of an action. 我们来看一下例子 第一个：他高兴地接受了我们的邀请。 Let's look at examples, first, (he accepted our invitation gladly). 高兴是个形容词 那么它后面呢有一个"地" 高兴 is an adjective which is followed by 地. 为什么呢？就是因为高兴是表示主语"他"的心情的，也就是说高兴是说明 Why? Because 高兴 represents the mood of the subject 他, in other words, 高兴 is used to specify 这个主语"他"的，所以呢后面带上"地"了。 the subject 他, therefore it is followed by 地. 第二例：大家紧张地 等待着。 Second example, (everyone waited nervously). 那么这个紧张后面也有个"地" 为什么呢？就是因为这个紧张是表示主语 So the phrase 紧张 is followed by 地, why? Because 紧张 illustrates the subject "大家的心情"的，也就是说它是说明这个主语"大家"的 第三例：妈妈非常热情地招待了我的朋友。
大家的心情, in other words, it specifies the subject 大家.
Third example, (mom entertained my friends warmly). 这个非常热情 是一个形容词短语，那么它的后面呢也有个"地"，什么原因呢？就是因为 Here 非常热情 is an adjective phrase, so it is followed by 地, why? Because "非常热情"表示主语，就是"妈妈"她的态度 非常热情 specifies the attitude of the subject 妈妈. 也就是说"非常热情"是说明描写"妈妈"的 In other words, 非常热情 is used to describe 妈妈, 所以它作状语的时候，那么后面呢要带上"地" 描写行为动作的 therefore it is followed by 地 when it serves as adverbial adjunct.
When they describe an action, they 一般呢不能带"地"，我们来看一下例子就比较清楚了，我们看一下第一例 这次考试很重要，一定要认真复习。
generally don't take 地, let's look at examples to make it clear, first example,
(this exam is very important, you must go over carefully). 那么"认真"是一个形容词 但是这个"认真"是说明什么呢？这个复习的 So 认真 is an adjective, and what does it specify? The state of 表示复习的情态，复习的样子，所以呢它的后面不带"地"。 review, so it doesn't take the word 地. 第二例：我们坚决不同意！"坚决" 是什么呢？它表示"不同意"的情态 Second example, (we strongly disagree)! What does 坚决 specify? It indicates the mood of 不同意. 也就是说，"坚决"是说明了"不同意"的 所以呢，它后面呢不带"地"。 In other words, 坚决 is used to specify 不同意, therefore it is not followed by 地. 第三例：最近他们俩很少见面。 Third example, (they seldom meet each other recently). "很少"是一个形容词短语 它的后面也不带"地"，为什么？就是因为这个"很少"是说明 很少 is an adjective phrase and not followed by 地, why? Because 很少 indicates 表示见面的次数少，所以它的后面呢也不加上"地" that they seldom meet, so it doesn't take 地. 注意，"很少"可以作状语，但是呢"很多"不能 Pay attention, 很少 can be adverbial adjunct, however 很多 can't. 比如说，我们来看一下例子，①：他学习很认真，很少迟到。 Let's look at examples, first, (he studies very hard and seldom comes late). 这个句子是非常好 是对的句子。 This is a very good and correct sentence. 第二例：他学习不认真，很多迟到。 Second example, (he doesn't study hard and is always late). 这个"很多" 作状语"迟到"的修饰语的时候，这个句子就是错的，不成立 When the phrase 很多 acts as the adverbial adjunct to modify 迟到, this is an incorrect sentence. 我们应该说什么呢？他学习不认真，经常迟到。 What should we say? 他学习不认真，经常迟到。 不能说很多迟到 所以这个应该要特别地去注意。 We can't say 很多迟到, so this needs to be paid special attention. （二）副词 副词作状语，大部分不能带"地"，少数可以。 Second, adverbs. The adverbs usually act as adverbial adjunct without 地,
few adverbs can be followed by 地. 我们来看一下例子 第一例：他从来不喝酒。 Let's look at examples, first example, (he never drinks alcohol). 从来是一个副词，表示时间 所以呢它的后面不带"地"。 从来 is an adverb which indicates the time, therefore it isn't followed by 地. 第二个：明天也许会下雨 也许也是一个副词，那么也是不带"地"的。 Second, (it may rain tomorrow), 也许 is also an adverb, so it doesn't take 地. 第三，你怎么 偷偷地走了？或者是偷偷走了，那么这个"偷偷"是个副词 后面呢可以带"地"
Third, (how can you sneak away)? or 偷偷走了, so 偷偷 is an adverb which can be followed by 地. （三）数量短语 数量短语做状语，有的不能带"地"，有的可以带 Third, numeral measure word phrase.
When the numeral measure word phrase acts as the adverbial adjunct, some can’t be followed by 的, and others can. 例如，我们来看两个例子，第一例 他一把把我拉了进来。 Let's look at two examples, first example, (he pull me in). "一把"是一个数词，加上量词 所以呢他在这儿呢做状语 一把 is a numeral, it acts as the adverbial adjunct with measure word here. 做状语，但是呢后面不能有"地"。 However, it can’t be followed by 地. 第二例：饭要一口一口地吃 一口一口是一A一A 式，就是数量重叠式的一A一A Second example, (take one bite at a time), 一口一口 is 一A一A form 式，它作"吃"的修饰语 那么这个后面可以有"地"，也可以没有 when it acts the modifier of 吃, it can be followed by 地 or not. 第三例：服务员一趟趟地给客人送饭菜 这个"一趟趟"也是一个数量短语，就是一AA 式 Third example, (the waiters serve food for the customer up and down).
The phrase 一趟趟 is also a numeral measure word phrase of 一AA form, 那么它的后面呢也可以有"地"，也可以是没有"地"，有或没有"地" （四）动词短语。 Therefore it can be followed by 地 or not. Fourth, the verb phrase. 动词短语做状语 不管描写行为动作者还是描写这个动词的 一般呢都要带"地"。 When the verb phrase acts as the adverbial adjunct 我们来看一下例子 例如第一例：他们有条件地同意了 这个计划。 Let's look at examples, first example, (they conditionally agreed this plan). "有条件"是一个什么？就是一个动词短语，"有"是个动词，条件是名词 那么它做状语呢，后面有一个"地"。
What is 有条件? It's a verb phrase, 有 is a verb and 条件 is a noun
so it acts as adverbial adjunct and is followed by 地. 第二例：我们连推带拉地把他请来了 连推带拉是一个动词短语，后面做，它做 Second example, (we invited him with pushing and pulling), 连推带拉 is a verb phrase, it acts as 状语的时候，应该有一个"地"，有个"地"。 adverbial adjunct and is followed by 地 （五） 象声词。 Fifth, onomatopes. 象声词做状语有的要带"地" 有的带不带都可以，我们来看一下例子。 When the onomatope acts as adverbial adjunct, it can be followed by 地 or not, let's look at examples. 第一例 他啪地把灯给关了。 First example, (he snap off the light). "啪"是一个象声词 那么做状语，带了"地"了 第二例：外面呼呼地刮着风。 啪 is an onomatope and acts as adverbial adjunct the with 地. Second example, (the wind whistled outside). "呼呼"是刮风的 风的声音。 呼呼 specifies the sound of the wind. 那么做状语的时候呢，可以有"地"呢，也可以是没有"地" 第三例：钟表滴答滴答地走着。 It can be followed by 地 or not when it serves as the adverbial adjunct.
Third example, (the clock ticked away the time). 那么这个 滴答滴答也是钟表的走动的声音，所以它后面呢 The 滴答滴答 also specifies the sound of clock ticking, therefore when it 它做状语的时候，后面可以有"地"，也可以是没有"地"的 第六，介词短语。 serves as the adverbial adjunct, it can be followed by 地 or not. Sixth, the prepositional phrase. 介词短语做状语 都不能带"地"，我们看一下例子。 When prepositional phrase serves as the adverbial adjunct, it can't be followed by 地, let's look at examples. 第一例：大家往前走 "往"是一个介词，"前"是个名词 First example, (let's move forward), 往 is a preposition and 前 is a noun, 那么它们是一个什么呢？介词短语，做状语，做"走"的状语 那么它不能带"地"。 What are they? A prepositional phrase, it serves as the adverbial adjunct of 走 with out 地. 第二例：张老师对我们非常好 "对"是个介词，"我们"呢是一个代词，那么这是个介词短语 Second example, (teacher Zhang is very kind to us), 对 is a preposition and 前 is a pronoun,
they form a prepositional phrase 那么做"非常好"的状语的时候，那么后面呢也不能带"地" （七）固定短语 to serve as the adverbial adjunct of 非常好 without 地. Seventh, the set phrase. 固定短语做状语，可以带"地"，也可以不带。 When the set phrase severs as the adverbial adjunct, it can be followed by 地 or not. 我们来看一下例子，第一例 同学们都争先恐后地要求参加 Let's look at examples, first example, (the students are scrambling to take apart). 争先恐后就是一个固定的短语，就是所谓的成语一样的 那么它后面呢可以有"地"，也可以没有
争先恐后 is a set phrase, which is same as the idiom,
therefore it can be followed by 地 or not. 第二例：本子上七扭八歪地写了几个字 七扭八歪呢也是一个固定短语，也就所谓成语一样的东西
Second example, (a few words are scrawled on the notebook).
争先恐后 is also a set phrase, which is same as the idiom, 它的后面呢可以有"地"，也可以没有"地" so it can be followed by 地 or not.
