[MUSIC] Hello, everybody and welcome back. During the last lesson, we had an overview of the remains on the Palatine dating to the fifth, the fourth and the beginning of the third century. Now we move onwards, reaching the so called late Republican phase that is the second and the first century BC. As you can see on this map, the remains are limited to the edges of the hill, the northern slope, the upper western part and the upper southern part. And this is due to the fact that the later Imperial Palace was covering the central part of the hill. Let's start from the sanctuary on the southwestern corner of the hill, here at the end of the third century, a new temple is built. It's a larger temple than the previous one dedicated to a female goddess, the manual matter. This is a very terrible period for Rome, because she's fighting a second war against Carthage. So she's afraid, and she tries to sustain herself, claiming other gods to come and God the city's destiny, in front of these two temples. Still, there was the place where the Romans believed that Rome had been founded and a new layout, the last layout of this area is now arranged. A new enclosure is built with an altar inside, and the whole area is covered by a new pavement. With the aid of this section in these small plans, we can understand once again what happened here. A large hut of the ninth century BC is abandoned at the middle of the eighth century and substituted by a smaller one, and the larger one is divided into two rooms. In front of these huts, there's a pit and an altar. At the beginning of the third century, the smaller hut is no more in use, and in the larger hut there's a sort of upgrade with a basis for something. And for the first time, and you enclosed area is arranged in front of these. Now, at the end of the third century, we have a new enclosure with an altar and a pavement. And in the section we can see the place of the former hut with pits and the altar and the second and later alter and a new pavement. This is the arrangement of this place, which is going to last until the end of the ancient world. On the opposite corner of the hill, in the sanctuary of the Korea veterans, we have a shrinking of the sacred area. You remember the earlier temple here with this large area in front, now this is how narrow the sacred area is surrounded by houses, one here and one here, this very famous house. Because here was the house of the father of Octavian, the first emperor of Rome. So this is the place where the first emperor of Rome was born. On the northern side of the hill, we still have once again a continuity from a topographical layout. And you can see here the sanctuary of Vester in its fleet Republican form with the eighties in front and six more rooms for the vestal virgins. In the area sacred to the Larry's for the first time, a real temple is attested. It's just one hall, the so called Stella, surrounded by a small open air area enclosed in a building facing onto the sacred way in front of the hall we have a subterranean room here. This is called penetrable for cult use, with a bench and the basin for votive offerings here. The following Doremus, the one of the wrecks sacrum and the one of the Pontifex Maximus, stays the same with two courts with alters the one and with the original shape the other. The underground passage leading from the house to the sanctuary investor is still in use. Here you can see the archaeological feature, and the house is upgraded with a porta cas here underneath. You can see here in this picture and in this one, which is still in years, so we get to the sanctuary of Jupiter Starter. On the other side of the road, leading from the sacred way to the upper part of the hill. At the beginning of the third century, one stretch of the enclosure is covered by a huge fill, possibly to sustain a new Eddie's. A small Eddies in this section here of the sanctuary placed in front of the altar and votive offerings are still placed here in pits surrounding the altar at the beginning of the second century. The whole plot is occupied by a new building with this irregular shape at the center, we have a corridor with rooms opening onto it on each side and small shops opening onto the sacred way. One of the rooms was leading into a small temple, resting on a small podium here at the same time, right in front of the small temple, a new gate is created. And the new gate is once again connected to a stretch of the wall, in the picture, you can see the outer face of this wall, riveted with slabs and the connection with the foundation of the gate. And here is the inner part of the foundation, and here is the opposite corner. With the aid of this section, we can understand better the relation between the new building and the new gate. So here you can see the sacred way, the building enclosing the new temple, a narrow passage and the gate. And once again, the sacred way, the building and closing the new temple, the new temple seen from the front, the narrow passage and the new gate with a stretch of wall remembering the Maru's remotely. This is possibly the place where Cicero, in the year 63 BC had to summon the Senate in a hurry to announce to the Roman people that his enemy. A man called Catalina was organizing a plot against the Roman state, organizing a coup. Further on on the same slope, we have a residential plot articulated in four luxury houses. So this is how the sacred way would have looked in the year 44, which is the year when Julius Caesar was killed. And we have once again the sanctuary of Esther, the sanctuary of the Larry's, the Domus Regis sacrum and the dogmas of the Pontifex Maximus. Then the street leading up to the hill, the sanctuary of Jupiter Starter, surrounded by the new building and the houses here. If we move on top of the hill, we can tell a major area divided into four plots, many of these occupied by luxury houses. Cicero was living here and together with many very famous men of the Roman state. This is how the area would have looked like at the end of the first century BC. Last but not least, we have this residential area here. Here we are right in front of this very famous sanctuary. You all know very well now, but more than this, in front of the very place where the Romans believed that Rome had been founded. These red lines indicate the archaeological remains that attest to a certain number of houses existing here, at least from the end of the second century BC. We know that the number of very famous men, like Pretentious or Catullus, lived in this place. But more than these, the first Emperor of Rome decided to have a house here to connect his power to the power of the founder. During the next lesson, we will have a clearer idea of the architecture of this sanctuary and of these houses. Thank you very much.
