In module two, we introduced the first two leadership essentials: know yourself and align people, process, and purpose. The third leadership essential is managing competing values. In this module, we'll begin our exploration of the competing values framework that will help us share a common language and understanding about these leadership concepts throughout this specialization. Our learning objectives are to describe the four leadership cultures and 12 leadership skills to gain appreciation of the interaction between flexibility and control and internal versus external focus within an organization, to understand the four ways in which leadership cultures promote organizational change to discern alignment of different approaches with desired purpose for optional outcomes, and to discuss which culture or cultures and leadership skills will be needed in a given scenario to improve tailoring of leadership skills. The competing values framework was developed by Quinn and colleagues in the 1980s. It posits that organizational tensions always exist, and personal tensions always exist. Specifically, tensions between flexibility and control, and tensions between an internal and external focus within an organization, leads to four leadership cultures as we will see in the next slide. This diagram helps us understand the tensions between flexibility and control focused internally or externally. These competing values relate to very different leadership goals. Starting in the upper left, we see that flexibility combined with internal orientation lead to collaboration, commitment, cohesion, and long-term change. In the upper right, flexibility combined with external orientation lead to creativity, adaptability, and new change. On the lower right, we see that control with a focus on external orientation leads to competition, productivity, profit, and fast change. While on the lower left, control in internal orientation lead to stability, continuity, and incremental change. Managing these tensions is key to successful leadership. We refer to these four leadership cultures as collaborative, creative, hierarchy, and market. Each culture has its own corresponding leadership behaviors or skills which are likely to optimize a different type of organizational change. The competing values framework describes three leadership behaviors or skills for each of the four cultures, for a total of 12 skills. We propose that these skills can be cultivated and developed, and that we can choose to tailor our skills to optimize outcomes in various nursing informatics leadership scenarios. As we discuss each of these skills, consider which are your strengths and which you may choose to deepen. The next three slides review leadership skills that are effective in achieving long-term change, and contribute to collaborative culture. Leaders use facilitator skills to convene and connect people to address issues and create solutions. If you want to deepen your facilitator skills, practice leading open discussions, understanding key differences among group members, and working collaboratively to resolve them. Similarly, leaders use mentors skills to guide and support others. If you want to deepen your mentor skills, practice listening to their perspectives and treat others in a caring way. We will further explore formal nursing informatics leadership mentoring relationships in course four. Finally, leaders use team builder skills to foster interpersonal dynamics within groups. If you want to develop your team builder skills, practice jointly developing group norms, and adhering to them in your meetings. This will foster a sense of unity and engage others in active decision making. Next, we review leadership skills that are effective in achieving new change and contribute to creative culture. Leaders use innovator skills to create novel ideas and solutions. To deepen your innovator skills, practice searching for innovations and potential improvements, experiment with new concepts and procedures, and be inventive. Similarly, leaders use entrepreneurs skills to advocate for new ideas and solutions. To deepen your entrepreneurs skills, engage others by telling stories, give points of comparison, and expand the potential opportunity, gain or loss. Dr. Westra will share stories of nursing informatics entrepreneurs in course two. Finally, for new change in creative culture, leaders use visionary skills to envision ideas and solutions for the future. To deepen your visionary skills, scan the environment, pay attention to trends, and discern consequences of trends. Dr. Pesut will expand upon visionary skills such as futures literacy in course three. Next, we review leadership skills that are effective in achieving incremental change and contribute to hierarchy culture. Leaders use coordinator skills to connect people and resources to ensure success. To deepen your coordinator skills, practice managing logistics, so that people have what they need in order to be successful. Similarly, ensure that you optimize workflows and strive for clarity in your communications. Leaders use monitor skills to keep track of progress. To deepen your monitor skills, keep excellent records, practice data-driven decision making, and monitor compliance. Finally, for incremental change in hierarchy culture, leaders use organizer skills to obtain and manage resources. To deepen your organizer skills, promote and maintain excellence in organization at all levels, use procedures to guide resource management, and enforce procedures to prevent and address errors. The next three slides review leadership skills that are effective in achieving fast change and contribute to market culture. Leaders use hard driver skills to set and achieve high stakes goals and standards. To deepen your hard driver skills, focus on immediate results and short-term outcomes, emphasize speed, and improve technical capacity. Similarly, leaders use competitor skills to work to be recognized as the best. To deepen your competitor skills, practice planning ahead to succeed and manage contingencies that may arise, practice self-discipline, tenacity, and perseverance. Never quit. Finally, for fast change in market culture, leaders use producer skills to fulfill expectations quickly. To deepen your producer skills, practice clarifying the need to achieve goals, emphasize adherence to timelines, and maintain a results orientation. Nursing informatics leaders apply these 12 different leadership skills as needed based on the scenario and alignment of people, process, and purpose to achieve optimal outcomes. Think about the many combinations of leadership needs in a given organization and how we can draw on various skills to meet these needs. In my scenario, I can see that we had a blend of all cultures in our public health department, and I needed to use different leadership skills at different times throughout the purchase, implementation, and data reporting phases. Looking back, I can see that my director practiced visionary leadership in 1997 when she charged me with purchasing and implementing the EHR. I used collaborative skills when I worked with the nurses to make decisions together about how best to use the EHR to document their interventions and assessments. These decisions became guidelines that we followed together to improve quality and practice documentation and data. I also needed to monitor their progress and ensure they had the resources they needed consistent with our predominately hierarchy-based public health nurse department culture. In the end, I was able to provide the data my director envisioned, that demonstrated improved health outcomes for county residents who were served by our programs. As with market culture, we achieved fast change. We purchased and implemented this EHR within a few months time to meet our deadlines. We practiced hard driver skills to reach our goals. Now, in our discussion for this module, consider your scenario. What culture or cultures and leadership skills do you anticipate will be needed to achieve your purpose? Which leadership skills will be natural to you, and which will you need to develop further? Then, complete the required readings and take the quiz to test your knowledge.
